Corporation Law Theories - Principles and Practice

Question: Discuss about the Corporation Lawfor Theories, Principles and Practice. Answer: Introduction For a person who has been in business for some years or just starting up, choice of the best structure for the business is very important. On the other hand making the wrong choice could bring the business into a total failure. This is because the structures of the business can be the determinant of various things in operations of the business in question. These include how much tax the business owner will pay, and owners asset protection, responsibilities of the business owner and businesses on-going costs and paper work volume(Roman Tomasic, 2002). By looking into the facts David and Liam are advising their farther Richard to turn his business into a company. This might be quiet a brilliant idea as there are some benefits of a company over sole proprietorship and partnerships. This is the most crucial attribute of incorporating a business. In partnerships and sole proprietorship, business owners are personally liable for their debts. It is also pointed out by the facts that Richards sons have realised that there are tax benefits in operating a business through company a business structure than as a sole trader or partnership. This is a great one. Under the Tax Code, sole proprietorships are taxed progressively at the rates of five to thirty-two per cent. A corporation is taxed at thirty per cent of its taxable net income. Therefore, the corporation enjoys a lesser income tax rate of two per cent than a sole proprietorship(Cassidy, 2006). There are more business expenses in corporations than there is in a sole proprietorship. For example business meeting expenses, director fees, etc. Sole proprietorships income is immediately taxed under its owner's account. Corporations are taxed under net income only after actual cash distributions and property dividends. In the computation of forty per cent uncompelled standard deductions, corporations take the cost of sales under consideration while sole proprietorship conside rs gross sales or net receipts. Since David and Liam would like to be further involved in the business even after their father, incorporation is a wise idea. This is because corporations live longer than natural persons. For example around us, there are many corporations that are more than hundreds of years old. This means there is an opportunity of opening new markets and expanding the business as necessary even after the death of Richard. The death of a sole proprietorship owner marks the end of a business legal entity(Jason Harris, 2011). As the saying goes men who want to be immortal might plant a tree, or raise sons that they will continue the virtue and the attribution to the name. I now propose registration of a corporation as an addition. Richard and his son have to the follow the following procedure to register and incorporate a company under the Australian law. In registering a PTY Ltd Company, a person must fill and submit an ASIC Form 201 and pay AUD 457 as the prescribed fee. A person who is appointed as a secretary or director of that company should prove his consent to that appointment in writing. Every shareholder of the company must also have consented to become a shareholder similarly. A minimum of one director or one secretary if the company has appointed any must be an ordinary resident in Australia(Australia), 2009). The registered companys office must be an address in Australia. If the company does not adopt its constitution, it must rely upon the Replaceable Rules in the Corporations Act 2001. Before the applicant lodges an application for registration, he or she should confirm if the proposed name is available(University of Melbourne. Employee Share Ownership Project, 2007). To check if the proposed name is available (i.e. Ridali or Richs Guaranteed Olives) they must do an ASIC name search. After doing a name search, one must make sure that nobody else is using that name for the similar kind of business. If there is it could cause future problems for the company as the company might be required to stop using that name by legal action even after registration. Richard and sons should also make sure that they do not infringe registered trade mark through doing a trademark search. If there is no name that is agreed upon, the company will be known by its Australian Company Number. A certificate of incorporation will be issued to the company by ASIC upon registr ation. This will be to prove that the company has been incorporated as at that date hence forth(Australia, 2008). Finish the preliminary documentation that is required before the registration and incorporation of the company. For example, consents of shareholders and directors. Secondly, register for ABN with the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). Before starting a business, lodge an application for an Australian Business Number (ABN) following the incorporation. This process needs to be completed as per the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 and Goods and Service Act of 1999(Limited, 2011). A company is supposed to comply with taxation prerequisites that are dependent on their location and circumstances. In case the yearly company turnover is AUD 75, 000 or above the company must strictly register for Goods and Services Tax. This is through obtaining an eleven digit ABN (Australian Business Number)(University of Melbourne. Employee Share Ownership Project, 2007). The yearly company turnover is the gross annual business income and not its profits. The application can be electronically submitted to the ABN through the business entry point, i.e. www.abr,gov.au. An ABN will be provided to the applicant at the end of the Internet session if the electronic submission has gone through. On the other had a hard copy application might be submitted to the ATO. After the submission, the ATO will send back an ABN after four weeks (28 days) of receiving the application(Australia), 2009). The Richards should also register for Pay As You Go (PAYG) at www.abr.gov.au. Or else they might register with ATO by phone or postal mail or through an agent. Territory and state taxes might also be imposed. Requirements might vary regarding the company location. Failure to register for an ABN might result to levying GST on all company sales from the registra tion date(Jason Harris, 2011). This will not care whether any services or goods have not been grossed up to include the tax. Any overdue payments may further more attract penalties to the company. Finally, the company will be required to sign up for worker compensation at an insurance agency. Workers Compensation Act of 1987 together with the Workplace Injury Management and Workers Compensation Act of 1998 provides for compulsory worker compensation insurance for all Australian employees(Roman Tomasic, 2002). The premium rate is based on companys main business description. The company should set up an Australian bank account. Identification of company signatories and directors will be needed will be needed for certification(Anon., 2008). NB necessary legal protection like terms and conditions of the business should be put in place as they are very important. At times a parent company can become liable for the actions of its subsidiary and the corporate veil that could normally separate them can be impaled in various circumstances(Limited, 2011). Third parties may at certain circumstances seek to lift corporate veil and follow parent companies for its subsidiary liabilities. This may include situations where the subsidiary company does not own any assets for debt enforcement, or the said subsidiary has become insolvent. As provided in the facts CMS is a subsidiary of CM which owns 120 of its 2000 issued share capital. That is more the 50% of the issued share capital. It can also be noted that CMS Company owns no assets since the mining equipment are leased from the bank by CM which later subleases the equipment to CMS at an extra 10 percent. Since CMS has been bought by Lazarus Pty Ltd, it, therefore, means that CMS is no longer in existence and the victims cannot sue a company that does not exist. In general, a subsidiary company is liable for its omissions or acts as the law provides that in exceptional cases only a parent company can be held responsible for the acts or omissions of its subsidiary company. In those exceptional cases, the parent company might be made responsible for the acts or omissions of the subsidiary company by lifting derivative liability (corporate veil) or through imposing direct liability for corporate negligence. A company is regarded to as a legal person after registration, and its primary imperative lawful personality is that it bears its own lawful/corporate personality is explained in the case of Salomon v. A Salomon and Co. Ltd 1987(Australia), 2009). A legally registered subsidiary company also bears its legal personality afar from its parent company. It is immaterial if a subsidiary company is partly or wholly owned by the parent company as in the case of Adams v. Cape industries Plc 1990. As in the case of Salomon, it was discovered that the concept of separate lawful personality is applied and there are instances where it is acceptable for the courts of law to lift derivative liability, in case there is fraud, a relationship of agency the company is a sham/ facade(James F. Corkery, n.d.). If the subsidiary company acts as an agent of a parent company os in case both economic companies operate as one economic unit, derivative liability may be lifted to make the parent company responsible for the omissions or acts of its subsidiary. Nevertheless, there are no common terms governing the area of lifting derivative liability/ corporate veil(Roman Tomasic, 2002). Courts have usually lifted the corporate veil with arbitrariness. It is however acknowledged that each case will be decided by its facts. As in James Hardie Co Pty v. Hall a parent company may be directly responsible because of it failing to govern its subsidiary company prudently. The basis of this kind of liability is control. Therefore, the way a parent company exerts control causes it to incur a legal obligation to avoid possible harm if it could(University of Melbourne. Employee Share Ownership Project, 2007). According to Sheller JA Corporate veil may be lifted on a parent company that controls a subsidiary company due to its acts or omission. Otherwise, the parent company might incur separate and direct responsibility on the grounds of negligent corporate governance. Negligent corporate governance is the lack to properly run control over a subsidiary company. The depiction of a number of companies conjoined together by shareholding, as one enterprise where one is considered an actor and its omissions or acts should be accredited to other companies in the same group, involves lifting a corporate veil, assuming the actor as an agent or commanding upon other companies in the group a duty for the purpose of the degree or way of influencing the actor(Australia, 2008). The difference among these ideas is only blurred. It this case the residents of Gunbarrel and former employees of CMS should sue CM as it is the parent company of CMS and it failed to exercise proper control over the subsidiary. Lazarus Pty Ltd is not liable for an acts or omissions. References Anon., 2008. Corporate Governance: Theories, Principles and Practice. 3, illustrated ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Australia), B. (. :., 2009. Australian Corporation Law: Legislation. London: Butterworths. Australia, N. L., 2004. Australian National Bibliography. Canberra: National Library Australia. Australia, N. L. o., 2008. Australian National Bibliography. Canberra: National Library Australia. Cassidy, J., 2006. Concise Corporations Law. revised ed. Leichhardt : Federation Press. James F. Corkery, B. W., n.d. Principles of Corporate Law in Australia. Salariya: Scribblers Publishing. Jason Harris, A. H. M. A. A., 2011. Australian Corporate Law. 3 ed. London,: LexisNexis Butterworths. Limited, C. A., 2011. Australian Corporations Securities Legislation 2011: Corporations Act 2001, ASIC Act 2001, related regulations. Macquarie: CCH Australia Limited. Roman Tomasic, S. B. R. M., 2002. Corporations Law in Australia. revised ed. Leichhardt: Federation Press. University of Melbourne. Employee Share Ownership Project, U. o. M. T. G. U. o. M. C. f. E. R. L. U. o. M. C. f. C. L. a. S. R., 2007. Employee Share Ownership Plans in Australia: The Corporate Law Framework. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Employee Share Ownership Project, University of Melbourne. Tax Group, University of Melbourne. Centre for Employment Relations Law, University of Melbourne. Centre for Corporate Law and Securities Regulation.

INTRO Essays (331 words) - Jos Rizals Global Fellowship

INTRO: MAGANDANG HAPON PILIPINAS NARITO NANAMAN PO AKO ANG INYONG LINGKOD UPANG MAG HATID NG MAGA LATEST UPDATE SA LAGAY NG PANAHON. MALAMIG NA HANGIN ANG NARARANASAN NATIN NGAYON IITO AY DAHIL SA NORTEAST MOONSOON O ANG HANGNG AMIHAN NA UMIIRAL SA BUONG BAHAGI NG BANSA. SANHI NITO AY ANG MAULAP NA KALANGITAN NA MAY MAHINANG MGA PAG-ULAN ANG INAASAHAN SA KAMAYNILAAN , KABILANG DIN ANG MGA REHIYON NG CAGAYAN VALLEY, CORDILLERA , CALABARZON , KABIKULAN , SILANGANG KABISAYAAN , CARAGA , DAVAO AT SA MGA LALAWIGAN NG AURORA AT MINDORO . AT SA NALALABING BAHAGI NG BANSA NAMAN AY BAHAGYANG MAULAP NA KALANGITAN NA MAY PULU-PULONG MAHIHINANG PAG-ULAN ANG IIRAL. AT SA HILAGANG BAHAGI NAMAN AY KATAMTAMAN HANGGANG SA MALAKAS NA AHANGIN ANG IIRAL SA BUONG KAPULUAN NA MAY KATAMTAMAN HANGGANG SA MAALON NA KARAGATAN. GAP: DYAN LAMANG PO KAYO AT MANATILING NAKATUTOK, MAGBABALIK PA ANG PANAHON TV MATAPOS LAMANG ANG ILANG PAALALA. GALE WARNING : SA MGA NAG BABALAK NAMANG MAG BEACH AT MAG GET AWAY .. NAKATAAS ANG GALE WARNING SA MGA BAYBAYIN NG NORTHERN LUZON AT SA EASTERN SEABOARD NG LUZON , VISAYAS AT MINDANAO . KABILANG DIN ANG MGA BAYBAYIN NG BATANES , CALAYAN, BABUYAN , CAGAYAN, ILOCOS NORTE , ILOCOS SUR, LA UNION , PANGASINAN , ISABELA , AURORA , CAMARINES PROVINCES , CATANDUANES , EASTERN COAST OF ALBAY , SORSOGON , EASTERN COAST OF SAMAR, KASAMA RIN DYAN ANG EASTERN COAST OF SOUTHERN LEYTE , SURIGAO PROVINCES KABILANG ANG MGA ISLA NG SIARGAO , DINAGAT AT DAVAO ORIENTAL . AT SA KAPAREHONG TAYA NAMAN SA WESTERN SEABOARD NG CENTRAL LUZON AT SOUTHERN LUZON AY KABILANG ANG ZAMBALES , BATAAN , KASAMA RIN ANG WESTERN AND SOUTHERN COAST NG MINDORO PROVINCES AT PALAWAN . . KAYA NAMAN SA MGA NAG BABALAK MAG BEACH AT GETAWAY AY DOBLE INGAT LAMANG PO AT LALO NA SA MGA MANGINGISDA NA MAY MALALAKI AT MALILIT NA SEA VESSELS AY DAPAT MAGING ALERTO DAHIL SA MALAKAS NA ALON NA MARARANASAN EXTRO : YAN PO MUNA ANG LATEST MULA SA PAG ASA ..AKO PO SI JESSICA ABELIN PARA SA PANAHON TV . HAPPY VALENTINES DAY .

Essay Samples - Use Essay Samples For Writing Essays

Essay Samples - Use Essay Samples For Writing EssaysThese days, there are many essays samples to help you craft your own best answers. You can get this kind of essay sample from several websites, which can teach you the best ways to write your essay. The best thing is that there are many websites that can guide you in the best ways to answer a certain question.The online essay samples include an outline for your essay. You can find out more about this outline and where to put your essay sample, where the ideas in your essay come from and how to make the best of these topics. The outline is very important in teaching you how to craft your essay and is also a great starting point for any essay.You can use the outline to help you develop the best answers in your essay. The outline is a guideline and the best way to follow is to follow the outline closely. Using this guideline will give you an idea of what kind of questions you should be writing on.You can also discover some other intere sting facts about the things that people invented and how they came to be successful. There are some secrets to inventions, which you can learn from this website. This is the best way to learn things from this website.Writing essays is not as easy as it seems to be. However, you can get some tips to help you understand that how to write a good essay. These tips can be useful for any person writing an essay.There are several essays samples to help you write your essay. You can get the best and most powerful one, which can help you in composing the best essay that you can write. You can check them out and see how they work for you.Using essay samples is very important, if you want to become a writer and know the best techniques to write an essay. These samples will help you understand the different ways of writing and create essays which you can be proud of. They are also the best and most efficient way to write an essay.

The Crusades essays

The Crusades essays There are differing views on whether the Crusades were motivated by religion or were there also other factors. Hans Eberhard Mayer says that other factors were also important in the development of the Crusades, but the religious motivation was the strongest. Ronald Finucane counters that political, economic, and social factors also were responsible in the development of the Crusades. The crusades arose out of the feudal society of the eleventh century. Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity. He appealed to the interest of the people by offering them salvation if they rescued the Holy Land from the Muslim people. He kept in mind the materialistic and economic prospects of the venture. This offered crusaders freedom, adventure, and the possibility of economic gain. The crusades were a defensive act against the flourishing Muslim faith, which Christians perceived as a threat to their own faith and way of life. The prospect of wealth and expansion were an added bonus. The original objective of the Crusade was to provide help to the Christian Church in the East, but the seed of greed was planted in the minds of men. The opportunity for social advancement and the possibility of increasing wealth were very tempting to the crusaders. This was an opportunity for European expansion. This opened up the Mediterranean Sea for Christian shipping and provided trade with the Near and Far East. I agree with Finucane in that the Crusades were probably more motivated by greed for territory and ignorance of another culture than religious reasons. The Muslims were a threat due to their mere occupation of the lands and for no other reason than that, they were persecuted and religion was the guise to carry out the acts. The expansion of the Christians into the Mediterranean Sea and trade in the East was probably considered worth far more than the lives lost fight...

John F. Kennedys Legacy in Education and the Space Race

John F. Kennedy's Legacy in Education and the Space Race While the last photographs of John F. Kennedy preserve him eternally in Americas collective memory  as 46 years old,  he would have been 100 years old on May 29, 2017. Education was one of the signature issues of President Kennedy, and there are a number of legislative efforts and messages to Congress that he initiated to improve education in several areas: graduation rates, science, and teacher training. On Raising High School Graduation Rates   In a  Special Message to the Congress on Education,  delivered  on  February 6, 1962, Kennedy laid out his argument that  education in this country is the right- the necessity- and the responsibility- of all.   In this message, he noted the high number of high school dropouts: Too many- an estimated one million a year- leave school before completing high school- the bare minimum for a fair start in modern-day life. Kennedy referenced the  high percentage of dropouts in 1960, two years earlier. A data study  prepared by the  Institute of Educational Studies (IES) at the  National Center for Educational Statistics, showed the high school dropout rate in 1960 was at a high 27.2%. In his message, Kennedy also spoke about the 40% of students at that time who had started but never completed their college education.   His message to Congress also laid out a plan for increasing the number of classrooms as well as increased training for teachers in their content areas.  Kennedys  message to promote education had a powerful effect. By 1967, four years after his assassination, the total number of high school dropouts was reduced by 10% to 17%. The dropout rate has been falling incrementally ever since. As of 2014, only 6.5% of students drop out of high school. This is an increase of 25% in graduation rates from when Kennedy first promoted this cause. On Teacher Training and Education In his Special Message to the Congress on Education (1962), Kennedy also outlined his plans to improve teacher training by collaborating with the  National Science Foundation and the Office of Education.   In this  message, he proposed a system where, Many elementary and secondary school teachers would profit from a full year of full-time study in their subject-matter fields, and he advocated that these opportunities be created. Initiatives like teacher training were part of Kennedys New Frontier  programs. Under the policies of the New Frontier, legislation was passed to expand scholarships and student loans with  increases in funds for libraries and school lunches. There were also funds directed to teach the deaf, children with disabilities, and children who were gifted. In addition, literacy training was authorized under Manpower Development and Training Act (1962) as well as an allocation of Presidental funds to stop dropouts and the  Vocational Education Act (1963). Kennedy saw education as critical to maintaining the economic  strength of the nation.  According to Ted Sorenson,  Kennedys speechwriter, no other domestic issue occupied Kennedy as much as education. Sorenson quotes Kennedy as saying: Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource. On Science  and Space Exploration The successful launch of  Sputnik 1,  the first artificial Earth satellite, by  the Soviet space program  on October 4, 1957, alarmed American scientists and politicians alike. President  Dwight Eisenhower appointed the first presidential science adviser, and a Science Advisory Committee asked part-time scientists to serve as advisers for their initial steps. On April 12, 1961, only four short months into Kennedys presidency, the Soviets had another stunning  success. Their Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin completed a successful mission to and from space. Despite the fact that the United States space program was still in its infancy, Kennedy responded to the Soviets with his own challenge, known as the moon shot, in which Americans would be the first to land on the moon.   In a speech  on  May 25, 1961, before a joint session of Congress, Kennedy proposed  space exploration to put astronauts on the moon, as well as other projects including nuclear rockets and weather satellites. He was quoted as saying: But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead. Again, at  Rice University on September 12, 1962, Kennedy  proclaimed that America would have a  goal to land a man on the moon and bring him back by the end of the decade, a goal that would be directed to educational institutions: The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. As the American  space program known as Gemini was pulling ahead of the Soviets, Kennedy gave one of his last speeches on October 22, 1963,  before the National Academy of Sciences, which was celebrating its 100th anniversary. He expressed his overall support for the  space program and emphasized the overall importance of science to the country: â€Å" The question in all our minds today is how science can best continue its service to the Nation, to the people, to the world, in the years to come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Six years later, on July 20, 1969,  Kennedys efforts came to fruition  when Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong took a giant step for mankind and stepped onto the Moons surface.

Personal and professional development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Personal and professional development - Essay Example The manufacturing engineer’s job encompasses planning, designing, setting up, modifying and monitoring of manufacturing processes according to Prospects (2011). They also engage in the maintenance of machines and equipment and scheduling of manufacturing operations in some cases. They normally liaises with other members of the organization such as those in the research and development department in ensuring that the company continues to operate as efficiently as possible in the process of producing quality products.. Levels of professional Qualifications for Manufacturing Engineer In order to become a manufacturing engineer in a company, one must get secondary and college or university education with a focus of related subjects such as physics, mathematics, technical drawing and statistics just to mention a few. At college and university levels, the manufacturing engineer will be trained on a wide range of subjects including design and analysis of processes that are applied in manufacturing, metrology, design for manufacturability, Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, and instrumentation and controls engineering among others (Worcester Polytechnic Institute nd). The Engineering Council and its Role The Engineering Council is the United Kingdom’s authority that is charged with the task of registering professional technicians and engineers. The council also performs secondary tasks such as advising students, trained engineers, academic organizations and employers on the procedures and standards for registration. The body also regulates the professions of the engineering technician, incorporated engineer as well as the chartered engineer. Considering that the title â€Å"Engineer’ is legally protected in the UK, it is important for the professional engineer to be awarded a title by the Engineering Council that is otherwise protected. As a professional manufacturing engineer therefore, it is advantageous to voluntarily register with the Engineer ing Council so as to demonstrate high competence - such competence that can only be acquired by training, education and proper experience. These indeed are the basic requirements for one to be registered by the Engineering Council. In order to be registered by the Engineering Council, one has to sit and pass the organization’s examinations at each stage. The manufacturing engineer can sit for the levels 5, 6 and 7 to be registered as an Engineering Technician (EngTech), Incorporated Engineer (IEng) and Chartered Engineer (CEng) respectively. Some of the advantages of being registered by the Engineering Council include higher earning potential, better career prospects international recognition, high self esteem, and recognition of expertise. Engineering Technician (EngTech) The engineering technologist is an engineer who specializes in implementing the existing technologies that exist in the engineering field. In other words, the technologist is more oriented toward the applic ation of engineering fundamentals as opposed to creating new knowledge in the field. They always work with other engineering professionals applying technical skills and engineering principles in their practice. The manufacturing engineering technologist can work in a wide range of industries, not limited to maintenance, manufacturing, processing and assembling companies. The technician is trained widely in

International Business in Emerging Markets Essay - 1

International Business in Emerging Markets - Essay Example An automobile is basically regarded as a vehicle having wheels and carrying its own engine. The previous names given to an automobile were "horseless carriage" and "motor car" where motor was to denote an engine. The behaviour or making an automobile work is entitled as driving. Every automobile consists of a seat for driver and at least another seat for the passenger (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Mainly automobiles are designed for travelling on roads but there are some automobiles which permit people to drive "off-road." Basically an automobile is made up of "internal combustion engine" but as years passed, "hybrid cars powered by gas-electric hybrid engines" penetrate the market. A typical automobile consists of four wheels, though three-wheeled automobiles were also made but did not gain much popularity due to constancy purpose (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). "Steam-powered self propelled vehicles were devised in the late 18th century. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot successfully demonstrated such a vehicle as early as 1769. The first vehicles were steam engine powered, and then electric vehicles were produced by a small number of manufacturers. In the 1890s, ethanol was the first fuel used by cars in the U.S. In 1919, alcohol Prohibition destroyed corn-alcohol stills which many farmers used to make low cost ethanol fuel. Later on gasoline and diesel engines were implemented." (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/) The p... the United States but also the first "amphibious vehicle." It was called amphibious vehicle because it could be operated on wheels on land and with a paddle in the water. Amongst the initial environmental modernizations were the substitute fuels for the "internal combustion engine." Nowadays, "methanol and ethanol are used as petrol extenders" in several countries, mainly in Australia and United States. Every year more than a million people die in automobile accidents and around 50 million people get injured in such accidents. There are several chief reasons of these accidents, including "inattentive driving, reckless driving, road hazards etc." Even after skilled progresses, the deaths occurring as a result of automobile accidents are still high. Around 40,000 people die every year in United States as a result of such accidents, and the number of deaths keeps increasing year by year (http://business.mytopix.com/automobile/). Brief Introduction on Telecommunication Telecommunication is the "transmission of signals" above a distance for the intention of "communication." These days, this procedure includes propelling "electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters", whereas during previous days, this procedure comprised of using "smoke signals, drums or semaphores." Telecommunication has gained much popularity nowadays and devices enhancing this procedure are television, radio and telephone. Computer communication is also done on internet through e-mail and instant messaging, setting up examples of telecommunication. The fundamental factors of a telecommunication are: "A transmitter that takes information and concerts it to a signal for transmission." "A transmission medium over which the signal is transmitted." "A receiver that receives and converts the signal